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School gardens enhance academic performance and dietary outcomes in children
Garden-based learning can positively impact academic performance and promote fruit and vegetable consumption
Berezowitz, C.K., Yoder, A.B.B., Scholler, D.A., (2015). School gardens enhance academic performance and dietary outcomes in children. Journal of School Health, 85(8),Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance
Allocating time to physical activity in school does not negatively impact academic achievement
Trudeau, F.,, Shephard, R. J., (2008). Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(10)Grounds for health: The intersection of green school grounds and health-promoting schools
Green school grounds promote the holistic development and health of children
Bell, A.C., Dyment, J.E., (2008). Grounds for health: The intersection of green school grounds and health-promoting schools. Environmental Education Research, 14(1),Garden-based learning: An experience with “at risk” secondary education students
Garden-based learning associated with improved academic performance and teacher-observed self-confidence and self-esteem in at-risk students
Ruiz-Gallardo, J., Verde, A., Valdes, A., (2013). Garden-based learning: An experience with “at risk” secondary education students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 44(4),Linking student performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the "greenness" of school surroundings using remote sensing
Exposure to greenness surrounding schools benefits student academic achievement in both Math and English
Wu, C-D., McNeely, E., Cedeño-Laurent, J. G., Pan, W-C., Adamkiewicz, G., Dominici, F., Candice Lung, S-C., Su, H-J., Spengler, J. D., (2014). Linking student performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the "greenness" of school surroundings using remote sensing. PLOS ONE, 9(10)Student performance and high school landscapes: Examining the links
Exposure to nature during school hours is positively associated with high school student performance
Matsuoka, R.H., (2010). Student performance and high school landscapes: Examining the links. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(4),Nature and health
More research is needed on the population-level health benefits of contact with nature
Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., Frumkin, H., (2014). Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35,The BaRK (Building Reading Confidence for Kids) canine assisted reading program: One child's experience
Canine-assisted literacy program increases student reading engagement, improving student academic performance in both reading accuracy and comprehension
Fisher, B., Cozens, M., (2014). The BaRK (Building Reading Confidence for Kids) canine assisted reading program: One child's experience. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 22(1),Long-term outcomes of an urban farming internship program
Urban farming internship program offers long-term benefits for youth.
Sonti, N.F., Campbell, L.K., Johnson, M.L, Daftary-Steel, S., (2016). Long-term outcomes of an urban farming internship program. Journal of Experiential Education,Comparing apples and pears?: A conceptual framework for understanding forms of outdoor learning through comparison of English Forest Schools and Danish udeskole
The Danish udeskole is more integrated in the national educational system than are Forest Schools in England
Waite, S., Bolling, M., Bensten, P., (2016). Comparing apples and pears?: A conceptual framework for understanding forms of outdoor learning through comparison of English Forest Schools and Danish udeskole. Environmental Education Research, 22(6),The holistic impact of classroom spaces on learning in specific subjects
Differing elements in and around the classroom impact students’ learning in math, reading, and writing
Barrett, P., Davies, F., Zhang, Y., Barrett, L., (2017). The holistic impact of classroom spaces on learning in specific subjects. Environment and Behavior, 49(4),Bringing nature to schools to promote children’s physical activity
Physical activity in schools will be enhanced when children have more opportunities for engaging with nature-related features
Sharma-Brymer, V., Bland, D., (2016). Bringing nature to schools to promote children’s physical activity. Sports Medicine, 46,The impacts of outdoor learning activities on children's self development
Study from Indonesia indicates that outdoor learning has a positive impact on young children’s development
Sari, A.N.I., (2016). The impacts of outdoor learning activities on children's self development. ELT Perspective, 4(1),Going, doing, gardening: School gardens in the underrepresented communities of LakeWorth, Palm Springs, and Greenacres, Florida
Garden programs positively influenced students’ and teachers’ lives in an impoverished community
Wagenfeld, A., Whitfield, E., (2015). Going, doing, gardening: School gardens in the underrepresented communities of LakeWorth, Palm Springs, and Greenacres, Florida. Children, Youth and Environments, 25(1),The impact of a therapy dog program on children’s reading skills and attitudes toward reading
Qualitative and quantitative data support the use of dog-assisted reading programs
Kirnan, J., Siminerio, S., Wong, Z., (2016). The impact of a therapy dog program on children’s reading skills and attitudes toward reading. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44,Long-term green space exposure and cognition across the life course: A systematic review
Literature review points to association between long-term exposure to green space and cognition
de Keijzer, C., Gascon, M, Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Dadvand, P., (2016). Long-term green space exposure and cognition across the life course: A systematic review. Current Environmental Health Reports, 3(4),Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance
Higher levels of tree canopy are linked to higher school-level reading test scores
Hodson, C.B., Sander, H.A., (2017). Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160,Critical caring for people and place
A teacher’s authentic caring played a critical role in how students related to their environmental learning experiences.
Schindel, A., Tolbert, S., (2017). Critical caring for people and place. The Journal of Environmental Education, 48(1),Childhood development and access to nature: A new direction for environmental inequality research
Research is needed to understand whether and why inequalities exist in terms of children's exposure to toxic pollutants, nature, and green space
Strife, S., Downey, L., (2009). Childhood development and access to nature: A new direction for environmental inequality research. Organization & Environment, 22(1),The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening
School gardens positively impact children's learning and behavior
Blair, D., (2009). The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2),Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan
Plants in classrooms benefit students' emotions, behavior, and health
Han, K. T., (2009). Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan. Environment and Behavior, 41(5),Experience in local urban wildlife research enhances a conservation education programme with school children
Nature-based experiences with academic mentors in urban environments enhances students' awareness and interest
Awasthy, M., Popovic, A. Z., Linklater, W. L., (2012). Experience in local urban wildlife research enhances a conservation education programme with school children. Pacific Conservation Biology, 18(1),The nature of udeskole: Outdoor learning theory and practice in Danish schools
Outdoor education in the context of Danish "udeskole" provides insights into best practices and practical challenges
Bensten, P., Jensen, F. S., (2012). The nature of udeskole: Outdoor learning theory and practice in Danish schools. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 12(3),Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education
Age and academic level may predict children's connectedness to nature and the success of environmental education in enhancing connectedness
Lieflander, A., Frohlich, G., Bogner, F. X., Schultz, P. W., (2013). Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 19(3),Use of the outdoor classroom and nature-study to support science and literacy learning: A narrative case study of a third-grade classroom
Nature provides a meaningful context for integrated science and literacy learning and contributes to student achievement on standardized tests
Eick, C. J., (2012). Use of the outdoor classroom and nature-study to support science and literacy learning: A narrative case study of a third-grade classroom. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23(7),Urban environmental education: Leveraging technology and ecology to engage students in studying the environment
Science self-efficacy and environmental stewardship of high school students improved through participation in an intensive summer urban ecology program
Barnett, M., Vaughn, M., Strauss, E., Cotter, L., (2011). Urban environmental education: Leveraging technology and ecology to engage students in studying the environment. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 20(3),Adult learning meets the green economy: Lessons from a green jobs education project
Adult education for green jobs is successful, but basic skills are a prerequisite
Wagner, C., (2013). Adult learning meets the green economy: Lessons from a green jobs education project. Adult Learning, 24(1),A comparative study of the impacts and students' perceptions of indoor and outdoor learning in the science classroom
Outdoor learning complements indoor learning by improving student performance and increasing student participation and enjoyment in science learning activities
Dhanapal, S., Lim, C. C. Y., (2013). A comparative study of the impacts and students' perceptions of indoor and outdoor learning in the science classroom. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 14(2),The effect of an animal-assisted reading program on the reading rate, accuracy and comprehension of grade 3 students: A randomized control study
Third grade students significantly improve reading comprehension and retention when reading with a dog in an animal-assisted reading program
le Roux, M. C., Swartz, L., Swart, E., (2014). The effect of an animal-assisted reading program on the reading rate, accuracy and comprehension of grade 3 students: A randomized control study. Child & Youth Care Forum, 43(6),Living animals in the classroom: A meta-analysis on learning outcome and a treatment-control study focusing on knowledge and motivation
Students' knowledge outcomes did not differ with a live animal present versus use of a film, but motivation to learn was enhanced with a live animal
Hummel, E., Randler, C., (2012). Living animals in the classroom: A meta-analysis on learning outcome and a treatment-control study focusing on knowledge and motivation. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(1),Advancing sustainability through urban green space: Cultural ecosystem services, equity, and social determinants of health
More equitable access to urban green space may help alleviate health gaps between socio-economic groups
Jennings, V, Larson, L., Yun, J., (2016). Advancing sustainability through urban green space: Cultural ecosystem services, equity, and social determinants of health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2)Shifting gears: Engaging nurse practitioners in prescribing time outdoors
Nurse practitioners can serve as catalysts in promoting healthier lifestyles through Park Prescription initiatives
Wessel, L.A., (2017). Shifting gears: Engaging nurse practitioners in prescribing time outdoors. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 13(1),Companion animals and child/adolescent development: A systematic review of the evidence
Pet ownership may be beneficial to child and adolescent emotional, cognitive, behavioral, educational and social development
Purewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C,, Meints, K., Gee, N,, Westgarth, C., (2017). Companion animals and child/adolescent development: A systematic review of the evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3)Effects of regular classes in outdoor education settings: A systematic review on students' learning, social and health dimensions
Regular classes in outdoor settings can promote students’ learning, health, social development, and concern for the environment
Becker, C., Lauterbach, G., Spengler, S., Dettweiler, U., Mess, F., (2017). Effects of regular classes in outdoor education settings: A systematic review on students' learning, social and health dimensions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14Does access to green space impact the mental well-being of children: A systematic review
Access to nature can promote the mental well-being of children
McCormick, R., (2017). Does access to green space impact the mental well-being of children: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 37,Mindful place-based education: Mapping the literature
Mindfulness can strengthen place-based education
Deringer, S.A., (2017). Mindful place-based education: Mapping the literature. Journal of Experiential EducationSchool gardens in the city. Does environmental equity help close the achievement gap?
School gardens could serve as gateways to reducing the academic achievement gap
Ray, R., Fisher, D.R., Fisher-Maltese, C., (2016). School gardens in the city. Does environmental equity help close the achievement gap?. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 13(2),Tree cover and species composition effects on academic performance of primary school students
Tree cover and species composition have a positive effect on children’s academic performance, especially for children in socio-economically challenged schools
Sivarajah, S., Smith, S.M., Thomas, S.C., (2018). Tree cover and species composition effects on academic performance of primary school students. PLOS ONE, 13(2)Nurture thru nature: Creating natural science identities in populations of disadvantaged children through community education partnership
Experimental evidence provides some support for nature-based interventions in improving academic performance in language arts and science
Camasso, M.J., Jagannathan, R., (2018). Nurture thru nature: Creating natural science identities in populations of disadvantaged children through community education partnership. Journal of Environmental Education, 49(1),Place-based outdoor learning: More than a drag and drop approach
Place-based outdoor learning extends the success of the Forest School approach
Lloyd, A., Truong, S., Gray, T., (2018). Place-based outdoor learning: More than a drag and drop approach. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 21,Science in the Learning Gardens (SciLG): A study of students' motivation, achievement, and science identity in low-income middle schools
Students’ motivational experiences in garden-based learning predict science engagement, learning and achievement
Williams, D.R., Brule, H., Kelley, S.S., Skinner, E.A., (2018). Science in the Learning Gardens (SciLG): A study of students' motivation, achievement, and science identity in low-income middle schools. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(8)A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence
School gardens benefit students and adults in various ways, yet more robust evidence is needed to promote school gardening programs as public health interventions
Ohly, H., Gentry, S., Wigglesworth, R., Bethel, A., Lovell, R., Garside, R., (2016). A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 16(1)The Hare and the Tortoise go to Forest School: Taking the scenic route to academic attainment via emotional wellbeing outdoors
Young children from disadvantaged backgrounds participating in a 3-year Forest School show increased well-being and academic development
McCree, M., Cutting, R., Sherwin, D., (2018). The Hare and the Tortoise go to Forest School: Taking the scenic route to academic attainment via emotional wellbeing outdoors. Early Child Development and Care, 188(7),Greenness and school-wide test scores are not always positively associated - A replication of "linking performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the 'greenness' of school surroundings using remote sensing"
Academic achievement outcomes associated with greenness around schools may differ between low-green, high-disadvantaged schools and high-green, low-disadvantaged schools
Browning, M.H.E.M., Kuo, M., Sachdeva, S., Leed, K., Westphal, L., (2018). Greenness and school-wide test scores are not always positively associated - A replication of "linking performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the 'greenness' of school surroundings using remote sensing". Landscape and Urban Planning, 178,Nature-based learning for student achievement and ecological citizenship
Nature-based learning recognizes and addresses the needs of both students and the natural world
Chawla, L., (2018). Nature-based learning for student achievement and ecological citizenship. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 20(1 & 2)The effectiveness of a head-heart-hands model for natural and environmental science learning in urban schools
Disadvantaged youth showed improved academic performance after participating in an environmental and science education program using a head-heart-hands approach
Jagannathan, R., Camasso, M.J., Delacalle, M., (2018). The effectiveness of a head-heart-hands model for natural and environmental science learning in urban schools. Evaluation and Program Planning, 66,Beyond the school grounds: Links between density of tree cover in school surroundings and high school academic performance
Greater density of tree canopy beyond the school grounds predicts higher academic performance of high school students
Li, D., Chiang, Y-C., Sang, H., Sullivan, W.C., (2019). Beyond the school grounds: Links between density of tree cover in school surroundings and high school academic performance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38,How is environmental greenness related to students' academic performance in English and mathematics?
Greening initiatives on and around school grounds may improve the academic performance of students across grade levels, genders, and differing socioeconomic backgrounds
Leung, WT.V., Tam, TY.T., Pan, W-C., Wu, C-D., Lung, S-C.C., Spengler, J.D., (2019). How is environmental greenness related to students' academic performance in English and mathematics?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 181,Developing a nature-based four-year-old kindergarten program: OAK Learning Center at Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary in Green Bay, WI (USA)
Developers of a nature-based public preschool describe its development and perceptions of success in academic, physical, social and emotional development and connectedness to nature realms
Ashmann, S., (2018). Developing a nature-based four-year-old kindergarten program: OAK Learning Center at Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary in Green Bay, WI (USA). International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 6(1),MADE POSSIBLE WITH SUPPORT FROM:
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