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The effects of school gardens on children’s science knowledge: A randomized controlled trial of low-income elementary schools
A school garden intervention – consisting of both garden-related lessons and gardening activities – had a positive effect on children’s knowledge of plant science and nutritional science
Wells, N.M., Myers, B.M., Todd, L.E., Barale, K., Gaolach, B., Ferenz, G., Aitken, M., Henderson, C.R., Tse, C., Pattison, K.O., Taylor, C., Connerly, L., Carson, J.B., Gensemer, A.Z., Franz, N.K., (2015). The effects of school gardens on children’s science knowledge: A randomized controlled trial of low-income elementary schools. International Journal of Science Education, 37(17),Adolescent learning in the zoo: Embedding a non-formal learning environment to teach formal aspects of vertebrate biology
Zoo visits with guided instruction increase student learning
Randler, C., Kummer, B., Wilhelm, C., (2012). Adolescent learning in the zoo: Embedding a non-formal learning environment to teach formal aspects of vertebrate biology. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(3),A post-occupancy study of nature-based outdoor classrooms in early childhood settings
Nature-based outdoor classrooms enhance children's learning, behavior and developmental outcomes
Dennis, Jr. S. F., Wells, A., Bishop, C., (2014). A post-occupancy study of nature-based outdoor classrooms in early childhood settings. Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2),Assessing learning in the outdoors with the field trip in natural environments (FiNE) framework
Field trip in natural environments (FiNE) framework offers means to plan and assess nature-based educational trips
Morag, O., Tal, T., (2012). Assessing learning in the outdoors with the field trip in natural environments (FiNE) framework. International Journal of Science Education, 34(5),Impact of garden-based learning on academic outcomes in schools: Synthesis of research between 1990 and 2010
Garden and green space learning improves educational outcomes
Williams, D. R., Dixon, P. S., (2013). Impact of garden-based learning on academic outcomes in schools: Synthesis of research between 1990 and 2010. Review of Educational Research,Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues
Screen-time significantly impacts adolescents' ability to assess face-to-face nonverbal social and emotional cues
Uhls, Y. T., Michikyan, M., Morris, J., Garcia, D., Small, G. W., Zgourou, E., Greenfield, P. M., (2014). Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues. Computers in Human Behavior, 39,School gardens enhance academic performance and dietary outcomes in children
Garden-based learning can positively impact academic performance and promote fruit and vegetable consumption
Berezowitz, C.K., Yoder, A.B.B., Scholler, D.A., (2015). School gardens enhance academic performance and dietary outcomes in children. Journal of School Health, 85(8),Outdoor education and science achievement
Outdoor learning experiences can promote science content knowledge and positive environmental attitudes
Rios, J.M., Brewer, J., (2014). Outdoor education and science achievement. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 13(4),Grounds for health: The intersection of green school grounds and health-promoting schools
Green school grounds promote the holistic development and health of children
Bell, A.C., Dyment, J.E., (2008). Grounds for health: The intersection of green school grounds and health-promoting schools. Environmental Education Research, 14(1),Garden-based learning: An experience with “at risk” secondary education students
Garden-based learning associated with improved academic performance and teacher-observed self-confidence and self-esteem in at-risk students
Ruiz-Gallardo, J., Verde, A., Valdes, A., (2013). Garden-based learning: An experience with “at risk” secondary education students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 44(4),The benefits of children's engagement with nature: A systematic literature review
Playful styles of nature engagement yield multiple benefits for children
Gill, T., (2014). The benefits of children's engagement with nature: A systematic literature review. Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2),The land is my school: Children, history, and the environment in the Canadian province of British Columbia
Archival letters reveal children’s learning from their engagement with the land.
Díaz-Díaz, C., Gleason, M., (2016). The land is my school: Children, history, and the environment in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Childhood, 23(2),Community garden: A bridging program between formal and informal learning
Community gardening activities promote relational methods of learning, community development, environmental activism, and cultural integration.
Datta, R., (2016). Community garden: A bridging program between formal and informal learning. Cogent Education, 3(1)Comparing apples and pears?: A conceptual framework for understanding forms of outdoor learning through comparison of English Forest Schools and Danish udeskole
The Danish udeskole is more integrated in the national educational system than are Forest Schools in England
Waite, S., Bolling, M., Bensten, P., (2016). Comparing apples and pears?: A conceptual framework for understanding forms of outdoor learning through comparison of English Forest Schools and Danish udeskole. Environmental Education Research, 22(6),Nature by default in early childhood education for sustainability
Early childhood education for sustainability calls for more meaningful engagement of children with nature.
Elliott, S., Young, T., (2016). Nature by default in early childhood education for sustainability. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 32(1),The feasibility of school gardens as an educational approach in Greece: A survey of Greek schools
Study supports the feasibility of school gardens as an educational approach in Greece
Plaka, V., Skanavis, C., (2016). The feasibility of school gardens as an educational approach in Greece: A survey of Greek schools. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 10(2),Social justice, place, and equitable science education: Broadening urban students’ opportunities to learn
Equitable science instruction increases minority students’ science knowledge and interest
Leonard, J., Chamberlin, S.A., Johnson, J.B., Verma, G., (2016). Social justice, place, and equitable science education: Broadening urban students’ opportunities to learn. Urban Review, 48,Going, doing, gardening: School gardens in the underrepresented communities of LakeWorth, Palm Springs, and Greenacres, Florida
Garden programs positively influenced students’ and teachers’ lives in an impoverished community
Wagenfeld, A., Whitfield, E., (2015). Going, doing, gardening: School gardens in the underrepresented communities of LakeWorth, Palm Springs, and Greenacres, Florida. Children, Youth and Environments, 25(1),The Youth Leading Environmental Change project: A mixed-method longitudinal study across six countries
An environmental justice framework can be an effective way to create motivation for action and help youth better understand the complexity of global climate change and sustainability
Riemer, M., Voorhees, C., Dittmer, L., Alisat, S., Alam, N., Sayal, R., Bidisha, S.H., De Souza, A., Lynes, J., Metternich, A., Mugagga, F., Schweizer-Ries, P., (2016). The Youth Leading Environmental Change project: A mixed-method longitudinal study across six countries. Ecopsychology, 8(3),Young children’s ideas about environment: Perspectives from three early childhood educational settings
Study finds environmental sustainability education effective with young children
Madden, L., Liang, J., (2017). Young children’s ideas about environment: Perspectives from three early childhood educational settings. Environmental Education Research, 23(8),Long-term green space exposure and cognition across the life course: A systematic review
Literature review points to association between long-term exposure to green space and cognition
de Keijzer, C., Gascon, M, Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Dadvand, P., (2016). Long-term green space exposure and cognition across the life course: A systematic review. Current Environmental Health Reports, 3(4),Opening garden gates: Teachers make meaning of school gardens in Havana and Philadelphia
Teachers in Havana and Philadelphia use opportunities through schools and the social context to legitimate marginalized garden-based learning
Bucher, K., (2017). Opening garden gates: Teachers make meaning of school gardens in Havana and Philadelphia. Teaching and Teacher Education, 63,Exploring the benefits of school gardening for children in Taiwan and identifying the factors influencing these benefits
Multiple factors contribute to the benefits and highlight the unique characteristics of gardening with children
Chang, Y-Y, Su, W-C, Tang, I-C, Chang, C-Y, (2016). Exploring the benefits of school gardening for children in Taiwan and identifying the factors influencing these benefits. HortTechnology, 26(6),Children and nature in Tukum Village: Indigenious education and biophilia
Educational experiences of indigenous children promote biophilia and environmental awareness
Profice, C., Santos, G.M., dos Anjos, N.A., (2016). Children and nature in Tukum Village: Indigenious education and biophilia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior, 4(6)Tomorrow's leaders and today's agents of change? Children, sustainability education and environmental governance
Engaging children as “agents of change” for the environment should be based on a consideration of structural and relational dimensions of environmental knowledge transmission
Walker, C., (2017). Tomorrow's leaders and today's agents of change? Children, sustainability education and environmental governance. Children & Society, 31,Children and nature: Following the trail to environmental attitudes and behavior
Decades of research points to connection between childhood time in nature and environmental attitudes
Wells, N. M., Lekies, K. S., (2012). Children and nature: Following the trail to environmental attitudes and behavior. In: J. Dickinson and R. Bonney (Eds.) Citizen Science: public collaboration in environmental research. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.,An ethnographic comparison of real and virtual reality field trips to Trillium Trail: The salamander find as a salient event
Real field trips provide better overall learning environments than virtual field trips
Harrington, M. C. R., (2009). An ethnographic comparison of real and virtual reality field trips to Trillium Trail: The salamander find as a salient event. Children, Youth and Environments, 19(1),The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening
School gardens positively impact children's learning and behavior
Blair, D., (2009). The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2),Biodiverse or barren school grounds: Their effects on children
Green schoolyards provide rich play environments
Samborski, S., (2010). Biodiverse or barren school grounds: Their effects on children. Children, Youth and Environments, 20(2),Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan
Plants in classrooms benefit students' emotions, behavior, and health
Han, K. T., (2009). Influence of limitedly visible leafy indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior high school in Taiwan. Environment and Behavior, 41(5),Experience in local urban wildlife research enhances a conservation education programme with school children
Nature-based experiences with academic mentors in urban environments enhances students' awareness and interest
Awasthy, M., Popovic, A. Z., Linklater, W. L., (2012). Experience in local urban wildlife research enhances a conservation education programme with school children. Pacific Conservation Biology, 18(1),The nature of udeskole: Outdoor learning theory and practice in Danish schools
Outdoor education in the context of Danish "udeskole" provides insights into best practices and practical challenges
Bensten, P., Jensen, F. S., (2012). The nature of udeskole: Outdoor learning theory and practice in Danish schools. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 12(3),Promoting science outdoor activities for elementary school children: Contributions from a research laboratory
Children enjoy, but could use more practice with, nature-based scientific research
Boaventura, D., Faria, C., Chagas, I., Galvãoc, C., (2013). Promoting science outdoor activities for elementary school children: Contributions from a research laboratory. International Journal of Science Education, 35(5),Effects of integrating garden-based learning and E-learning into life education
Garden-based learning strengthens student's life learning and positive attitudes
Chen, M.L., Lou, S., Shih, R., (2013). Effects of integrating garden-based learning and E-learning into life education. Life Science Journal, 10(2),Moulding urban children towards environmental stewardship: the Table Mountain National Park experience
Participation in short-term nature-based learning activities promotes positive environmental attitudes for urban children
Ferreira, S., (2012). Moulding urban children towards environmental stewardship: the Table Mountain National Park experience. Environmental Education Research, 18(2),Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education
Age and academic level may predict children's connectedness to nature and the success of environmental education in enhancing connectedness
Lieflander, A., Frohlich, G., Bogner, F. X., Schultz, P. W., (2013). Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 19(3),Animal-assisted literacy: A supportive environment for constrained and unconstrained learning
Animal-assisted learning programs offer unique social, emotional and academic support for student literacy development
Friesen, L., Delisle, E., (2012). Animal-assisted literacy: A supportive environment for constrained and unconstrained learning. Childhood Education, 88(2),Use of the outdoor classroom and nature-study to support science and literacy learning: A narrative case study of a third-grade classroom
Nature provides a meaningful context for integrated science and literacy learning and contributes to student achievement on standardized tests
Eick, C. J., (2012). Use of the outdoor classroom and nature-study to support science and literacy learning: A narrative case study of a third-grade classroom. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23(7),Urban environmental education: Leveraging technology and ecology to engage students in studying the environment
Science self-efficacy and environmental stewardship of high school students improved through participation in an intensive summer urban ecology program
Barnett, M., Vaughn, M., Strauss, E., Cotter, L., (2011). Urban environmental education: Leveraging technology and ecology to engage students in studying the environment. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 20(3),Role of internship in higher education in environmental sciences
Environmental science internships are complementary to university education
Scholz, R. W., Steiner, R., Hansmann, R., (2004). Role of internship in higher education in environmental sciences. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(1),California Conservation Corps offers youth career development opportunities
Conservation core program supports career development of youth not attending college
Stanley, S., (2002). California Conservation Corps offers youth career development opportunities. California Agriculture, 56(2),Child-orientated environmental education influences adult knowledge and household behaviour
Children's environmental education influences parental knowledge and household environmental behavior
Damerell, P., Howe, C., Milner-Gulland, E.J., (2013). Child-orientated environmental education influences adult knowledge and household behaviour. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1),A comparative study of the impacts and students' perceptions of indoor and outdoor learning in the science classroom
Outdoor learning complements indoor learning by improving student performance and increasing student participation and enjoyment in science learning activities
Dhanapal, S., Lim, C. C. Y., (2013). A comparative study of the impacts and students' perceptions of indoor and outdoor learning in the science classroom. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 14(2),The effect of an animal-assisted reading program on the reading rate, accuracy and comprehension of grade 3 students: A randomized control study
Third grade students significantly improve reading comprehension and retention when reading with a dog in an animal-assisted reading program
le Roux, M. C., Swartz, L., Swart, E., (2014). The effect of an animal-assisted reading program on the reading rate, accuracy and comprehension of grade 3 students: A randomized control study. Child & Youth Care Forum, 43(6),Green schoolyards as havens from stress and resources for resilience in childhood and adolescence
Natural schoolyards decrease stress, strengthen attention, reduce behavior problems, and enhance factors associated with resilience in children of all ages
Chawla, L., Keena, K., Pevec, I., Stanley, E., (2014). Green schoolyards as havens from stress and resources for resilience in childhood and adolescence. Health & Place, 28,Learning biology and mathematics outdoors: Effects and attitudes in a Swedish high school context
Outdoor learning improves long-term memory of course content and increases positive student attitudes
Fägerstam, E., Blom, J., (2013). Learning biology and mathematics outdoors: Effects and attitudes in a Swedish high school context. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 13(1),The effect of a horseshoe crab citizen science program on middle school student science performance and STEM career motivation
Citizen science program for middle school students has positive effects with potential for STEM career motivation
Hiller, S. E., Kitsantas, A., (2014). The effect of a horseshoe crab citizen science program on middle school student science performance and STEM career motivation. School Science and Mathematics, 114(6),Education for sustainable development in early childhood education: A review of the research literature
A research review of early childhood education for sustainability illustrates teachers’ differing definitions and changes in practice over time
Hedefalk, M., Almqvist, J., Ostman, L., (2015). Education for sustainable development in early childhood education: A review of the research literature. Environmental Education Research, 21(7),School-based experiential outdoor education - A neglected necessity
Outdoor education improves students’ engagement in and motivation for learning
James, J.K., Williams, T., (2017). School-based experiential outdoor education - A neglected necessity. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(1),MADE POSSIBLE WITH SUPPORT FROM:
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