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The outcomes of nature-based learning for primary school aged children: A systematic review of quantitative research
A systematic review of the literature highlights the potential positive impact of nature-based learning for primary school aged children
Miller, N. C., Kumar, S., Pearce, K. L., Baldock, K. L., (2021). The outcomes of nature-based learning for primary school aged children: A systematic review of quantitative research. Environmental Education Research, 27(8),Planting the seeds for nature-based learning: Impacts of a farm- and nature-based early childhood education program
Nature- and farm-based preschool programs have the potential to positively impact children and their families.
Rymanowicz, K., Hetherington, C., Larm, B., (2020). Planting the seeds for nature-based learning: Impacts of a farm- and nature-based early childhood education program. The International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 8(1),A dog-assisted reading programme's unanticipated impact in a special education classroom
A dog-assisted reading program can promote positive behaviors and academic outcomes for students with special educational needs
Kirnan, J., Shah, S., Lauletti, C., (2020). A dog-assisted reading programme's unanticipated impact in a special education classroom. Educational Review, 72(2),Nature connection in early childhood: A quantitative cross-sectional study
Attending a nature nursery is associated with higher nature connection
Barrable, A., Booth, D., (2020). Nature connection in early childhood: A quantitative cross-sectional study. Sustainability, 12(375)Supporting school readiness naturally: Exploring executive function growth in nature preschools
Children attending nature preschool showed growth in executive function skills beyond what would be expected in typically developing children
Zamzow, J., Ernst, J., (2020). Supporting school readiness naturally: Exploring executive function growth in nature preschools. The International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 7(2),Contributions to sustainability through young children's nature play: A systematic review
Nature play is a valid contributor to sustainability outcomes
Ernst, J., McAllister, K., Siklander, P., Storli, R., (2021). Contributions to sustainability through young children's nature play: A systematic review. Sustainability, 13,From boats to bushes: Environmental elements supportive of children’s sociodramatic play outdoors
Specific features of outdoor spaces support greater frequency and complexity of preschoolers’ sociodramatic play
Robertson, N., Morrissey, A., Moore, D., (2019). From boats to bushes: Environmental elements supportive of children’s sociodramatic play outdoors. Children's GeographiesOutdoor education in Italian kindergartens: How teachers perceive child developmental trajactories
Outdoor education activities seem to offer greater opportunities than indoor activities for promoting young children’s development
Agostini, F., Minelli, M., Mandolesi, R., (2018). Outdoor education in Italian kindergartens: How teachers perceive child developmental trajactories. Frontiers in Psychology, 9Early childhood environmental education: A systematic review of the research literature
Review of the early childhood environmental education literature presents overwhelmingly strong evidence of positive child development and environmental outcomes
Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., (2020). Early childhood environmental education: A systematic review of the research literature. Educational Research Review, 31Children's agency and action in nature preschool: A tale of two programs
Young children, with support of early childhood educators, have the ability to be meaningfully involved in ecologically sustainable practices
Konerman, R., Elliott, S., Pugh, R., Luthy, T., Carr, V., (2021). Children's agency and action in nature preschool: A tale of two programs. Children, Youth and Environments, 31(2),Exploring geographical, curricular, and demographic factors of nature use by children in urban schoolyards in Raleigh, NC, USA
Simply providing nature-rich areas in schoolyards cannot guarantee the use of natural spaces by children and teachers
Zhang, Z., Stevenson, K. T., Martin, K. L., (2021). Exploring geographical, curricular, and demographic factors of nature use by children in urban schoolyards in Raleigh, NC, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 65Nature and children's health: A systematic review
Positive associations between nature contact and children’s health supports advocacy for equitable nature access
Fyfe-Johnson, A. L., Hazlehurst, M. F., Perrins, S. P., Bratman, G. N., Thomas, R., Garrett, K. A., Hafferty, K. R., Cullaz, T. M., Marcuse, E. K., Tandon, P. S., (2021). Nature and children's health: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 148(4)Finnish student teachers’ ideas of outdoor learning
Finnish student teachers’ ideas align with reforms promoting sustainability and outdoor learning
Ratinen, I., Sarivaara, E., Kuukkanen, P., (2021). Finnish student teachers’ ideas of outdoor learning. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor LearningThe importance of recognising and promoting independence in young children: The role of the environment and the Danish forest school approach
The forest school approach reflects theoretical understanding of young learners’ development of independence
Cerino, A., (2021). The importance of recognising and promoting independence in young children: The role of the environment and the Danish forest school approach. Education 3-13, 51(4),Green schoolyard renovations in low‐income urban neighborhoods: Benefits to students, schools, and the surrounding community
Green schoolyards may be “particularly powerful drivers of health equity by promoting well‐being at the level of the individual, school, and community.”
Bohnert, A. M., Nicholson, L. M., Mertz, L., Bates, C. R., Gerstein, D. E., (2021). Green schoolyard renovations in low‐income urban neighborhoods: Benefits to students, schools, and the surrounding community. American Journal of Community Psychology,Comparing the impact of nature, blended, and traditional preschools on children's resilience: Some nature may be better than none
Preschool nature experiences support young children’s resilience
Ernst, J., Juckett, H., Sobel, D., (2021). Comparing the impact of nature, blended, and traditional preschools on children's resilience: Some nature may be better than none. Frontiers in Psychology, 12Pedagogies of outdoor spaces: An early childhood educator professional learning journey
Some early childhood educators may need extended professional development to help them appreciate the value of nature-rich environments for young children
Wishart, L., Rouse, E., (2019). Pedagogies of outdoor spaces: An early childhood educator professional learning journey. Early Child Development and Care, 189(14),Equally green? Understanding the distribution of urban green infrastructure across student demographics in four public school districts in North Carolina, USA
Schools can help mitigate environmental injustices suffered by low-income, high minority communities by increasing greenness on their property
Zhang, Z., Martin, K. L., Stevenson, K. T., Yao, Y., (2021). Equally green? Understanding the distribution of urban green infrastructure across student demographics in four public school districts in North Carolina, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 67Use of gardening programs as an intervention to increase children’s visual-motor integration
Male preschoolers may respond especially well to gardening programs in developing visual-motor integration
Sommerfeld, A. J., McFarland, A., Waliczek, T. M., Zajicek, J., (2021). Use of gardening programs as an intervention to increase children’s visual-motor integration. HortTechnology, 31(5)Engaging school and family in Navajo gardening for health: Development of the Yéego intervention to promote healthy eating among Navajo children
Integrating Navajo traditions into the school’s nutrition and gardening lessons may help reduce obesity among Navajo children
Ornelas, I. J., Rudd, K., Bishop, S., Deschenie, D., Brown, E. Fred, Lombard, K., Beresford, S. A. A., (2021). Engaging school and family in Navajo gardening for health: Development of the Yéego intervention to promote healthy eating among Navajo children. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 8(3),Vegetation cover within and around schools in Santiago de Chile: Are schools helping to mitigate urban vegetation inequalities?
Schools in Santiago, Chile mimic the vegetation inequalities seen throughout the city
Fernández, I.C., Pérez-Silva, R., Villalobos-Araya, E., (2022). Vegetation cover within and around schools in Santiago de Chile: Are schools helping to mitigate urban vegetation inequalities?. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 70Children’s emotional experiences in and about nature across temporal–spatial entanglements during digital storying
Engaging children in digital storying can support children in expressing and sharing their emotional experiences.
Byman, J., Kumpulainen, K., Wong, C., Renlund, J., (2022). Children’s emotional experiences in and about nature across temporal–spatial entanglements during digital storying. Literacy, 56(1)Does environmental education benefit environmental outcomes in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis
A synthesis of global research shows that environmental education is effective for children and adolescents, yet little is known about the conditions and approaches that make it effective.
van de Wetering, J., Leijten, P, Spitzer, J., Thomaes, S., (2022). Does environmental education benefit environmental outcomes in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental PsychologyGetting out of the classroom and into nature: A systematic review of nature-specific outdoor learning on school children's learning and development
Nature-specific learning outside the classroom has measurable socio-emotional, academic and wellbeing benefits for school children across all ages
Mann, J., Gray, T., Truong, S., Brymer, E., Passy, R., Ho, S., Sahlberg, P., Ward, K., Bentsen, P., Curry, C., Cowper, R., (2022). Getting out of the classroom and into nature: A systematic review of nature-specific outdoor learning on school children's learning and development. Frontiers in Public Health, 10Nature-based early childhood education and children’s social, emotional and cognitive development: A mixed-methods systematic review
Nature-based early childhood education may support children’s growth in multiple areas of social, emotional, and cognitive development
Johnstone, A., Martin, A., Cordovil, R., Fjørtoft, I., Iivonen, S., Jidovtseff, B., Lopes, F., Reilly, J. J., Thomson, H., Wells, V., McCrorie, P., (2022). Nature-based early childhood education and children’s social, emotional and cognitive development: A mixed-methods systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19Nature-based instruction for science learning – a good fit for all: A controlled comparison of classroom versus nature
Nature-based instruction supports science learning for all students regardless of socioeconomic status
Faber Taylor, A., Butts-Wilmsmeyer, C., Jordan, C., (2022). Nature-based instruction for science learning – a good fit for all: A controlled comparison of classroom versus nature. Environmental Education ResearchHow does play in the outdoors afford opportunities for schema development in young children?
Loose parts in an outdoor environment can enhance children’s play and promote their holistic development.
Boulton, P., Thomas, A., (2022). How does play in the outdoors afford opportunities for schema development in young children?. International Journal of Play, 11(2),Naturally enough? Children, climate anxiety and the importance of hope
A pedagogy of hope encourages and supports children’s climate change activism
Buchanan, J., Pressick-Kilborn, K., Fergusson, J., (2021). Naturally enough? Children, climate anxiety and the importance of hope. The Social Educator, 39(3),From climate change victims to climate change actors: The role of eco-parenting in building mitigation and adaptation capacities in children
Eco-parenting promotes climate change mitigation and adaptation capacities in children
Nche, G. C., Achunike, H. C., Okoli, A. B., (2019). From climate change victims to climate change actors: The role of eco-parenting in building mitigation and adaptation capacities in children. The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(2),Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework
Climate change will have a detrimental direct and indirect impact on children’s health and wellbeing
Helldén, D., Andersson, C., Nilsson, M., Ebi, K. L., Friberg, P., Alfvén, T., (2021). Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework. Lancet Planet Health, 5(3),Diversity in outdoor education: Discrepancies in SEL across a school overnight program
Implicit bias may influence assessment results of SEL in a multicultural group of students
Germinaro, K., Jones, J. M., (2021). Diversity in outdoor education: Discrepancies in SEL across a school overnight program. Journal of Experiential Education"I just want to stay out there all day”: A case study of two special educators and five autistic children learning outside at school
Contact with nature during the school day can benefit both students with autism and their teachers
Friedman, S., Morrison, S. A., (2022). "I just want to stay out there all day”: A case study of two special educators and five autistic children learning outside at school. Frontiers in Education, 6‘A new adventure’: A case study of autistic children at Forest School
Children with autism experience benefits and challenges during Forest School sessions
Friedman, S., Gibson, J., Jones, C., Hughes, C., (2022). ‘A new adventure’: A case study of autistic children at Forest School. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning“You don’t wanna teach little kids about climate change”: Beliefs and barriers to sustainability education in early childhood
Sustainability education at nature-based preschools in the United States is limited
Ginsburg, J.L., Audley, S., (2020). “You don’t wanna teach little kids about climate change”: Beliefs and barriers to sustainability education in early childhood. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 7(3),Tracking education for sustainable development in ECEC institutions’ annual plans
Early childhood teachers in Norway foster respect for the environment but do not address the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development
Meland, A. T., (2022). Tracking education for sustainable development in ECEC institutions’ annual plans. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 30(5 ),Affordances of small animals for young children: A path to environmental values of care
Affordances of small animals may promote sustainability goals for young children
Lerstrup, I., Chawla, L., Heft, H., (2021). Affordances of small animals for young children: A path to environmental values of care. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 9(1),Effects of nature (greenspace) on cognitive functioning in school children and adolescents: a systematic review
Exposure to nature can enhance cognitive functioning in children and adolescents
Vella-Brodrick, D. A., Gilowska, K., (2022). Effects of nature (greenspace) on cognitive functioning in school children and adolescents: a systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 34,School greenspace is associated with enhanced benefits of academic interventions on annual reading improvement for children of color in California
School greenspace may bolster the effects of instructional interventions for students with high academic support needs
Rahai, R., Wells, N. M., Evans, G. W., (2023). School greenspace is associated with enhanced benefits of academic interventions on annual reading improvement for children of color in California. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 83Revealing the research ‘hole’ of early childhood education for sustainability: A preliminary survey of the literature
Research on education for sustainable development has generally not included early childhood
Davis, J., (2009). Revealing the research ‘hole’ of early childhood education for sustainability: A preliminary survey of the literature. Environmental Education Research, 15(2),The autonomy-authority duality of shared decision-making in youth environmental action
Educators find that achieving a suitable balance between autonomy and authority in youth action projects is challenging
Schusler, T.M., Krasny, M.E., Decker, D.J., (2017). The autonomy-authority duality of shared decision-making in youth environmental action. Environmental Education Research, 23(4),How participatory processes impact children and contribute to planning: A case study of neighborhood design from Boulder, Colorado, USA
Participatory planning can have significant positive impacts on young people while also contributing valuable ideas to the planning processes
Derr, V., Kovács, I. G., (2017). How participatory processes impact children and contribute to planning: A case study of neighborhood design from Boulder, Colorado, USA. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(1),Beyond the ‘usual suspects’? Engaging children in diverse communities in co-producing an arboretum-meadow: Professional partner perspectives
Engaging children in the co-production of nature-based solutions can foster their connections to nature
Hoyle, H., Cottrill, W., (2023). Beyond the ‘usual suspects’? Engaging children in diverse communities in co-producing an arboretum-meadow: Professional partner perspectives. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 79The teacher’s role for engagement in foraging and gardening activities in kindergarten
Early childhood educators nurture young children’s enthusiasm for learning in nature
Bergan, V., Nylund, M. B., Midtbø, I. L., Paulsen, B. H. L., (2023). The teacher’s role for engagement in foraging and gardening activities in kindergarten. Environmental Education ResearchOutdoor nature-based play in early learning and childcare centres: Identifying the determinants of implementation using causal loop diagrams and social network analysis
Educator confidence and agency, along with other key leveraging points, are crucial for optimal implementation of nature-based play
Zucca, C., McCrorie, P., Johnstone, A., Chambers, S., Chng, N. R., Traynor, O., Martin, A., (2023). Outdoor nature-based play in early learning and childcare centres: Identifying the determinants of implementation using causal loop diagrams and social network analysis. Health and Place, 79Connection to nature is associated with social-emotional learning of children
Children with a strong connection to nature have higher social emotional learning skills than those with a weaker connection to nature
Lanza, K., Alcazar, M., Chen, B., Kohl III, H. W., (2023). Connection to nature is associated with social-emotional learning of children. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 4Nature-based early childhood activities as environmental education?: A review of Japanese and Australian perspectives
Guidelines and practices for nature-based activities with young children tend to lack a comprehensive approach to early childhood education for sustainability
Inoue, M., Elliott, S., Mitsuhashi, M., Kido, H., (2019). Nature-based early childhood activities as environmental education?: A review of Japanese and Australian perspectives. Japanese Journal of Environmental Education, 28(4)A nature’s way—Our way pilot project case assemblage: (Re)storying child/physical literacy/land relationships for Indigenous preschool-aged children’s wholistic wellness
Cultural connections can play an important role in the wholistic wellness of Indigenous children
Riley, K., Chow, A. F., Wahpepah, K., Houser, N., Brussoni, M., Stevenson, E., Erlandson, M. C., Humbert, M. L., (2023). A nature’s way—Our way pilot project case assemblage: (Re)storying child/physical literacy/land relationships for Indigenous preschool-aged children’s wholistic wellness. Children, 10(3)Developing sense of place through a place-based Indigenous education for sustainable development curriculum
A sustainable development curriculum developed in collaboration with an Indigenous community increased students’ sense of place
Li, Wei-Ting, Shein, Paichi Pat, (2023). Developing sense of place through a place-based Indigenous education for sustainable development curriculum. Environmental Education Research, 29(5),Etuaptmumk (Two-Eyed Seeing) in Nature’s Way-Our Way: Braiding physical literacy and risky play through Indigenous games, activities, cultural connections, and traditional teachings
A “two-eyed seeing” approach can support Indigenous self-determination and wholistic health
Riley, K., Chow, A. F., Wahpepah, K., Humbert, M. L., Brussoni, M., Houser, N., Erlandson, M. C., (2023). Etuaptmumk (Two-Eyed Seeing) in Nature’s Way-Our Way: Braiding physical literacy and risky play through Indigenous games, activities, cultural connections, and traditional teachings. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous PeoplesMADE POSSIBLE WITH SUPPORT FROM:
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