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“I was born in the hood”: Fear of crime, outdoor recreation and physical activity among Mexican-American urban adolescents
Crime is a barrier to outdoor play in an urban Chicago neighborhood
Stodolska, M., Shinew, K. J., Acevedo, J. C., Roman, C. G., (2013). “I was born in the hood”: Fear of crime, outdoor recreation and physical activity among Mexican-American urban adolescents. Leisure Sciences, 35(1),Inequality, green spaces, and pregnant women: Roles of ethnicity and individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status
The relationship between greenness and birthweight may differ by ethnicity and socioeconomic status
Dadvand, P., Wright, J., Martinez, D., Basagaña, X., McEachan, R. R. C., Cirach, M., Gidlow, C. J., deHoogh, K., Gražulevičienė, R., Nieuwenhuijsena, M. J., (2014). Inequality, green spaces, and pregnant women: Roles of ethnicity and individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. Environment International, 71,Urban trees and the risk of poor birth outcomes
Tree canopy is correlated with risk of "small for gestational age" birth
Donovan, G. H., Michael, Y. L., Butry, D. T., Sullivan, A. D., Chase, J. M., (2011). Urban trees and the risk of poor birth outcomes. Health & Place, 17,Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function
Daily physical activity improves brain function in children
Hillman, C.H., Pontifex, M.B., Castelli, D.M., Khan, N.A., Raine, L.B., Scudder, M.R., Drollette, E.S., Moore, R.D., Wu, C.T., Kamijo, K., (2014). Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics, 134(4),The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition
A walk in a natural area produced both affective and cognitive benefits
Bratman, G.N., Daily, G.C., Levy, B.J., Gross, J.J., (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138,Less-structured time in children’s daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning
Unstructured activities improves children’s self-directed executive functioning
Barker, J. E., Semenov, A. D., Michaelson, L., Provan, L. S., Snyder, H. R., Munakata, Y., (2014). Less-structured time in children’s daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(593),The influence of the neighborhood physical environment on early child health and development: A review and call for research
Research shows a positive association between neighborhood physical environment and early child health and development
Christian, H., Zubrick, S.R., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B., Bill, F., Wood, L., Knuiman, M., Brinkman, S., Houghton, S., Boruff, B., (2015). The influence of the neighborhood physical environment on early child health and development: A review and call for research. Health & Place, 33,The schoolyard habitat movement: What it is and why children need it
Schoolyard habitat projects bring natural benefits to school and students
Rivkin, M., (1997). The schoolyard habitat movement: What it is and why children need it. Early Childhood Education Journal, 25(1),The nature play zone at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: A case study
Park's natural play space encourages unstructured, creative, cooperative play and exploration
Swift, K., (2013). The nature play zone at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: A case study. Park Science, 30(2),A study of community design, greenness, and physical activity in children using satellite, GPS and accelerometor data
Momentary greenness is associated with likelihood of children engaging in contemporaneous moderate physical activity, particularly in “smart growth” communities
Almanza, E., Jerrett, M., Dunton, G., Seto, E., Ann Pentz, M., (2012). A study of community design, greenness, and physical activity in children using satellite, GPS and accelerometor data. Health & Place, 18(1),Urban green space analysis and identification of its potential expansion areas
Modern GIS technology presents tools for evaluating urban green space
M'Ikiugu, M. M., Kinoshita, I., Tashiro, Y., (2012). Urban green space analysis and identification of its potential expansion areas. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35,Green spaces and pregnancy outcomes in southern California
Living in greener areas may lead to improved birth outcomes
Laurent, O., Wu, J., Li, L., Milesi, C., (2013). Green spaces and pregnancy outcomes in southern California. Health & Place, 24,Childcare outdoor renovation as a built environment health promotion strategy: Evaluating the preventing obesity by design intervention
Renovating outdoor play spaces may increase activity level, interest in nature, and socialization in children
Cosco, N. G., Moore, R. C., Smith, W. R., (2014). Childcare outdoor renovation as a built environment health promotion strategy: Evaluating the preventing obesity by design intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(3),Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China
Increased time outdoors decreased incidence of myopia in children
He, M., Xiang, F., Zeng, Y., Mai, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, J., Smith, W., Rose, K., Morgan, I.G., (2015). Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China. JAMA, 314(11),Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review
Exercising in natural environments has greater physical and mental health benefits than exercising indoors
Thompson Coon, J., Body, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., Depledge, M.H., (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45,Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children
Parents' perceptions about their neighborhood influence children's mobility
Timperio, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A., Salmon, J, (2004). Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, 39(1),Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of influences on children's active free play
Parents identify safety as the biggest barrier to children's independent play
Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Salmon, J, (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of influences on children's active free play. Health & Place, 12(4),Children's diminishing play space: A study of intergenerational change in children's use of their neighborhoods
Parental constraints have always been present, but in this generation they seem to exert much greater control on children's play
Tandy, C., (1999). Children's diminishing play space: A study of intergenerational change in children's use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2),Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood
Parental concerns are more influential than the availability of play spaces in determining children's play opportunities
Valentine, G., McKendrick, J., (1997). Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2),Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004
Over the past several decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of overweight children in the United States
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., Flegal, K. M., (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295(13),Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: The National-Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991
Prevalence of overweight increased significantly over several decades in US youth
Troiano, R. P., Flegal, K. M, Kuczmarski, R. J., Campbell, S. M., Johnson, C. L, (1995). Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: The National-Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 149(10),Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children
Nearby nature reduces stress in children
Wells, N. M., Evans, G. W., (2003). Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children. Environment and Behavior, 35(3),At home with nature: Effects of 'greenness' on children's cognitive functioning
Nearby nature boosts children's attentional functioning
Wells, N. M., (2000). At home with nature: Effects of 'greenness' on children's cognitive functioning. Environment and Behavior, 32(6),A potential natural treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a national study
Green outdoor activities decrease ADD symptoms
Kuo, F. E., Faber Taylor, A., (2004). A potential natural treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9),Nature and health
More research is needed on the population-level health benefits of contact with nature
Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., Frumkin, H., (2014). Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35,Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings
Contact with nature is associated with decreased symptoms of inattention
Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., Sullivan, W. C., (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behavior, 33(1),Is there a place for children in the city?
Design cities where children can play and learn independently
Churchman, A., (2003). Is there a place for children in the city?. Journal of Urban Design, 8(2),It all used to be better? Different generations on continuity and change in urban children's daily use of space
Children's use of space has changed from being primarily outdoors to indoors and has become increasingly adult supervised
Karsten, L., (2005). It all used to be better? Different generations on continuity and change in urban children's daily use of space. Children's Geographies, 3(3),An historical analysis of young people's use of public space, parks and playgrounds in New York City
Children's access to public play space has declined
Wridt, P. J., (2004). An historical analysis of young people's use of public space, parks and playgrounds in New York City. Children, Youth and Environments, 14(1),An investigation of the status of outdoor play
Children spend less time playing outdoors than their mothers did when they were young
Clements, R., (2004). An investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1),Global urbanization and the separation of humans from nature
Children playing in urban areas may experience lower levels of biological diversity
Turner, W. R, Nakamura, T., Dinetti, M., (2004). Global urbanization and the separation of humans from nature. BioScience, 54(6),Why conservationists should heed Pokémon
Children know more about Pokémon than common wildlife
Balmford, A., Clegg, L, Coulson, T., Taylor, J, (2002). Why conservationists should heed Pokémon. Science, 295,The ability of A-level students to name plants
Biology students know very few common plants
Bebbington, A., (2005). The ability of A-level students to name plants. Journal of Biological Education, 39(2),Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner city children
Access to nature nurtures self-discipline
Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., Sullivan, W. C., (2002). Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner city children. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22,Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park
Children with ADHD concentrate better after walking in a park
Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., (2009). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5),Educational impact on the relationship of environmental knowledge and attitudes
Children with less exploitative attitudes towards the environment learn more about specific ways to protect the environment.
Liefländer, A.K., Bogner, F.X., (2016). Educational impact on the relationship of environmental knowledge and attitudes. Environmental Education ResearchExperiencing nature and children’s conceptualizations of the natural world
Children's concepts about nature are influenced by where they live.
Collado, S., Íñiguez-Rueda, L., Corraliza, J.A., (2016). Experiencing nature and children’s conceptualizations of the natural world. Children's Geographies, 14(6)Neighborhood safety and green space as predictors of obesity among preschool children from low-income families in New York City
Increased density of residential trees is associated with lower prevalence of obesity in preschoolers
Lovasi, G. S., Schwartz-Soicher, O., Quinn, J. W., Berger, D. K., Neckerman, K. M., Jaslow, R., Lee, K. K., Rundle, A., (2013). Neighborhood safety and green space as predictors of obesity among preschool children from low-income families in New York City. Preventive Medicine, 57,Surrounding greenness and birth weight: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts in Munich
The association between surrounding greenness and positive birth outcomes is greatest for mothers of lower education
Markevych, I., Fuertes, E., Tiesler, C.M.T., Birk, M., Bauer, C., Koletzko, S., von Berg, A., Berdel, C., Heinrich, J., (2014). Surrounding greenness and birth weight: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts in Munich. Health & Place, 26,Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia
Increasing the amount of time children spend outdoors can help prevent the development of myopia
French, A.N., Ashby, R.S., Morgan, I.G., Rose, K.A., (2013). Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Experimental Eye Research, 114,The urban landscape as affordance for adolescents’ everyday physical activity
Variation in the outdoor environment is important for supporting outdoor activities.
Aradi, R., Halvorsen Thoren, K., Fjørtoft, I., (2016). The urban landscape as affordance for adolescents’ everyday physical activity. Landscape Research, 41(5),Wilderness Adventure Therapy effects on the mental health of youth participants: Evaluation and program planning
Wilderness adventure therapy may be especially well suited for youth with more serious psychological symptoms.
Bowen, D. J., Neill, J. T, Crisp, S. J.R., (2016). Wilderness Adventure Therapy effects on the mental health of youth participants: Evaluation and program planning. Evaluation and Program PlanningMindful learning can promote connectedness to nature: Implicit and explicit evidence
Mindful learning can promote connectedness to nature.
Wang, X., Geng, L., Zhou, K., Ye, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., (2016). Mindful learning can promote connectedness to nature: Implicit and explicit evidence. Consciousness and Cognition, 44,Diversity in mind: Towards a differentiated understanding of migrants’ recreational practices in urban forests
Individual immigrant experiences vary widely with respect to views of forest recreation
Jay, M., Schraml, U., (2014). Diversity in mind: Towards a differentiated understanding of migrants’ recreational practices in urban forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1),“Parks are dangerous and the sidewalk is closer”: Children's use of neighborhood space in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
In park-poor urban areas, abundant vacant lots and alleyways can be replanned to enhance outdoor play for children
Platt, L., (2012). “Parks are dangerous and the sidewalk is closer”: Children's use of neighborhood space in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Children, Youth and Environments, 22(2),Now being social: The barrier of designing outdoor play spaces for disabled children
The design of outdoor play spaces can be improved to better facilitate play for disabled children by including them in the planning process and connecting designers with the knowledge they need to plan appropriately
Woolley, H., (2013). Now being social: The barrier of designing outdoor play spaces for disabled children. Children & Society, 27(6),Economic inequality, poverty, and park and recreation delivery
Best practices should be developed and implemented to facilitate participation of low-income Americans in outdoor recreation
Scott, D., (2013). Economic inequality, poverty, and park and recreation delivery. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 31(4),Access and equity in greenspace provision: A comparison of methods to assess the impacts of greening vacant land
Inequity in greenspace provision is best measured through considering proximity to a minimum amount of greenspace
Heckert, M., (2013). Access and equity in greenspace provision: A comparison of methods to assess the impacts of greening vacant land. Transactions in GIS, 17(6),Justice and immigrant Latino recreation geography in Cache Valley, Utah
Latino immigrants participate in recreation opportunities that are fun, social, restful and family-oriented
Madsen, J., Radel, C., Endter-Wada, J., (2014). Justice and immigrant Latino recreation geography in Cache Valley, Utah. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3),MADE POSSIBLE WITH SUPPORT FROM:
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